成人英語學位英語考試講義(四)
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三、非謂語動詞 不定式(to + V)

動名詞

分詞-ing

分詞-ed

(一)動詞不定式(to+動詞原形)

動詞不定式的語法功能

可以做除謂語動詞以外的任何句子成分。

1)作主語

不定式或不定式短語作主語時,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如:

To serve the people well is our duty.

動詞不定式短語作主語時,往往放在謂語動詞的后面,用引導詞it作形式主語。上述句子也可改為:

It is our duty to serve the people well.

類似這樣不定式做主語的句型有:

It is + n.+ to do

It takes sb.+ some time + to do

It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do

It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do

例如:

It is our duty to help them.

It will take you quite a long time to finish it.

It is easy for us to answer this question.

It is kind of you to help me.

注:

1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點,表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:

2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right等。

2)作賓語

We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.

注意:

如果不定式作賓語而又跟有補語,這時,通常要用"it"作形式賓語,而將不定式放到補語后面去。

例如:

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)提前把一切都準備好是不可能的。

×They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.

賓語 賓補

×They found to get everything ready in advance is impossible.

√They found it impossible to get everything ready in

賓補 賓語

advance.

再看下面的兩個例句:

I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.

Robert doesn't think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet.

三級出題方式:

I _____ to point out their shortcomings.

A.consider it my duty

B.consider it is my duty

3)作定語

This is the best way to solve the problem.

注意:

①用不定式作定語時,它與它所修飾的詞有時是動賓關(guān)系,所以如果不定式是不及物動詞,其后面應跟上必要的介詞。

例如:

Mary needs a friend to play with.

There is nothing to worry about.

Because air pollution has been greatly reduced, this city is still _____ .

A.a good place to live

B.a good place for living in

C.a good place to be lived in

D.a good place to live in

**:D

②不定式作定語,如果與他所修飾的詞是動賓關(guān)系,則不定式后面不能再帶賓語。

例如:

×Here is a letter for you to type it.

√Here is a letter for you to type.

×The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.

√The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.

同時要注意:在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。

4)作狀語

In order to overcome difficulties, we must work hard.

注意:

①不定式能夠修飾作表語或賓語補足語的形容詞,在句中作狀語,這時不定式不能再帶賓語。

例如:

√The water is unfit to drink.

×The water is unfit to drink it.

√They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand.

×They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand it.

同時要注意:在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。

②作狀語的不定式的邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致。

例如:

×To save money, the bus was taken instead of plane.

√To save money, we took the bus instead of plane.

讓我們看一道2005年11月份的三級試題:

To succeed in a scientific experiment,______.

A.one needs being patient person.

B.patience is to need.

C.one needs to be patient.

D.patience is what needed.

**:C

2.不定式的邏輯主語

如要表明不定式或不定式的動作發(fā)出者(即邏輯主語),就要在不定式前用for+名詞(或代詞的賓格)。如:

Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?

The conference is too important for you to miss.

3.不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

不定式有一般、完成、進行等幾種常用的形式,也有主動和被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別。以study為例:

主動/被動一般式to study; to be studied

進行式to be studying

完成式to have studied; to have been studied

1)不定式的時態(tài)

不定式的一般式(to do)所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作是同時發(fā)生,或是在其后發(fā)生的。如:

Thousands of young people are learning to ski.

不定式的進行式(to be doing)所表示的動作與謂語動詞的動作是同時進行的,而且是正在進行的。如:

They seemed to be getting along quite well.

不定式的完成進行時(to have done)表示限于謂語動詞之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),to have + V-ed 表示動作,to have been 表示狀態(tài)。如:

She seems to have finished her work.

不定式的完成進行時表示動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生,而且一直進行著。如:

She was happy to have been staying with her aunt.

2)不定式的語態(tài)

每個不定式都有其邏輯主語,如果邏輯主語是動作的發(fā)出者,不定式用主動式,如果其邏輯主語是動作的承受者,不定式用被動式。如:

The doctor recommended him to air the room.

醫(yī)生建議他打掃房間。

The doctor recommended the room to be aired.

醫(yī)生建議打掃房間。

考試重點:使用不帶to的不定式的幾種情況

(1)在口語中,以why開頭的簡單問句中。例如:

Why do it that way?

Why not go out for a walk?

(2)某些使役動詞,如make, let,have等后面跟動詞不定時作賓語補足語時,用省略to的不定式。如:

Let him do it.讓他做吧。

I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。

(3)表示生理感覺的動詞后接不定時作賓語補足語時,不定式不帶to.這類詞有:

feel 覺得 observe 注意到,看到 hear聽到

watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺,感知

notice注意 see看見 look at看

注意:

表示 "感覺"的動詞,既可以用不帶to 的不定式作賓語補足語,又可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語,但兩者有含義上的差別?,F(xiàn)在分詞作這些動詞的賓語補足語,表示動作的進行,以不帶to的不定式作這些動詞的賓語補足語,表示動作的完成。

例如:

I heard her playing the violin.

我聽到她在拉小提琴.

I don't see the ball break the window.

我沒有看到球砸壞玻璃.

注意:

上述使役動詞與感覺動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,其后的不定式需帶to,如:

He was seen to come.

The boy was made to go to bed early.

(4)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:

Last night I did nothing but watch TV.

昨天晚上,除了看電視,我什么也沒干。

但是,如果謂語動詞不是"do nothing,anything,everything",那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶to.

The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.

醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙,其它什么都沒有說。

There was nothing for them to do but remain silent.

除了保持沉默以外,他們沒有別的辦法。

記憶口訣:

前面有do,后面省to,前面無do,后面帶to.

(5)下面這些詞組是不定式的習慣用法,只能用省to的不定式形式。

can not help but do(不得不)

can not but do(不得不)

cannot choose but do(只能)

have no choice but do (只能)

had better do(最好)

would rather do(寧愿)

例如:

When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.

不定式練習

翻譯下列句子:

走路去那里十分鐘就到了。(考查不定式做主語的句型)

下一步做什么還沒定。(考查疑問詞+不定式的用法)

我們不可能趕上第一班車。(考查不定式做主語)

學英語的學生必須有本好字典。(考查不定式做主語,同時考察不定式的邏輯主語)

他是我們班唯一說英語的人。(考查不定式作定語)

他說話太快,我們跟不上。(考查too…to…結(jié)構(gòu),不定式作狀語)

大廳足夠大,能容納一百人。(考查enough…to…結(jié)構(gòu),不定式作狀語)

起床后媽媽會提醒我洗臉。(考查不定式作賓補)

為了不讓我們失望,你必須遵守你的諾言。(考查不定式作狀語)

參考**

It takes ten minutes to walk there.

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