三、非謂語動詞 不定式(to + V)
動名詞
分詞-ing
分詞-ed
(一)動詞不定式(to+動詞原形)
動詞不定式的語法功能
可以做除謂語動詞以外的任何句子成分。
1)作主語
不定式或不定式短語作主語時,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如:
To serve the people well is our duty.
動詞不定式短語作主語時,往往放在謂語動詞的后面,用引導詞it作形式主語。上述句子也可改為:
It is our duty to serve the people well.
類似這樣不定式做主語的句型有:
It is + n.+ to do
It takes sb.+ some time + to do
It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do
It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do
例如:
It is our duty to help them.
It will take you quite a long time to finish it.
It is easy for us to answer this question.
It is kind of you to help me.
注:
1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點,表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right等。
2)作賓語
We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.
注意:
如果不定式作賓語而又跟有補語,這時,通常要用"it"作形式賓語,而將不定式放到補語后面去。
例如:
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)提前把一切都準備好是不可能的。
×They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.
賓語 賓補
×They found to get everything ready in advance is impossible.
√They found it impossible to get everything ready in
賓補 賓語
advance.
再看下面的兩個例句:
I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.
Robert doesn't think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet.
三級出題方式:
I _____ to point out their shortcomings.
A.consider it my duty
B.consider it is my duty
3)作定語
This is the best way to solve the problem.
注意:
①用不定式作定語時,它與它所修飾的詞有時是動賓關(guān)系,所以如果不定式是不及物動詞,其后面應跟上必要的介詞。
例如:
Mary needs a friend to play with.
There is nothing to worry about.
Because air pollution has been greatly reduced, this city is still _____ .
A.a good place to live
B.a good place for living in
C.a good place to be lived in
D.a good place to live in
**:D
②不定式作定語,如果與他所修飾的詞是動賓關(guān)系,則不定式后面不能再帶賓語。
例如:
×Here is a letter for you to type it.
√Here is a letter for you to type.
×The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.
√The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.
同時要注意:在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。
4)作狀語
In order to overcome difficulties, we must work hard.
注意:
①不定式能夠修飾作表語或賓語補足語的形容詞,在句中作狀語,這時不定式不能再帶賓語。
例如:
√The water is unfit to drink.
×The water is unfit to drink it.
√They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand.
×They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand it.
同時要注意:在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。
②作狀語的不定式的邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致。
例如:
×To save money, the bus was taken instead of plane.
√To save money, we took the bus instead of plane.
讓我們看一道2005年11月份的三級試題:
To succeed in a scientific experiment,______.
A.one needs being patient person.
B.patience is to need.
C.one needs to be patient.
D.patience is what needed.
**:C
2.不定式的邏輯主語
如要表明不定式或不定式的動作發(fā)出者(即邏輯主語),就要在不定式前用for+名詞(或代詞的賓格)。如:
Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?
The conference is too important for you to miss.
3.不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
不定式有一般、完成、進行等幾種常用的形式,也有主動和被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別。以study為例:
主動/被動一般式to study; to be studied
進行式to be studying
完成式to have studied; to have been studied
1)不定式的時態(tài)
不定式的一般式(to do)所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作是同時發(fā)生,或是在其后發(fā)生的。如:
Thousands of young people are learning to ski.
不定式的進行式(to be doing)所表示的動作與謂語動詞的動作是同時進行的,而且是正在進行的。如:
They seemed to be getting along quite well.
不定式的完成進行時(to have done)表示限于謂語動詞之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),to have + V-ed 表示動作,to have been 表示狀態(tài)。如:
She seems to have finished her work.
不定式的完成進行時表示動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生,而且一直進行著。如:
She was happy to have been staying with her aunt.
2)不定式的語態(tài)
每個不定式都有其邏輯主語,如果邏輯主語是動作的發(fā)出者,不定式用主動式,如果其邏輯主語是動作的承受者,不定式用被動式。如:
The doctor recommended him to air the room.
醫(yī)生建議他打掃房間。
The doctor recommended the room to be aired.
醫(yī)生建議打掃房間。
考試重點:使用不帶to的不定式的幾種情況
(1)在口語中,以why開頭的簡單問句中。例如:
Why do it that way?
Why not go out for a walk?
(2)某些使役動詞,如make, let,have等后面跟動詞不定時作賓語補足語時,用省略to的不定式。如:
Let him do it.讓他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
(3)表示生理感覺的動詞后接不定時作賓語補足語時,不定式不帶to.這類詞有:
feel 覺得 observe 注意到,看到 hear聽到
watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺,感知
notice注意 see看見 look at看
注意:
表示 "感覺"的動詞,既可以用不帶to 的不定式作賓語補足語,又可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語,但兩者有含義上的差別?,F(xiàn)在分詞作這些動詞的賓語補足語,表示動作的進行,以不帶to的不定式作這些動詞的賓語補足語,表示動作的完成。
例如:
I heard her playing the violin.
我聽到她在拉小提琴.
I don't see the ball break the window.
我沒有看到球砸壞玻璃.
注意:
上述使役動詞與感覺動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,其后的不定式需帶to,如:
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
(4)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.
昨天晚上,除了看電視,我什么也沒干。
但是,如果謂語動詞不是"do nothing,anything,everything",那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶to.
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.
醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙,其它什么都沒有說。
There was nothing for them to do but remain silent.
除了保持沉默以外,他們沒有別的辦法。
記憶口訣:
前面有do,后面省to,前面無do,后面帶to.
(5)下面這些詞組是不定式的習慣用法,只能用省to的不定式形式。
can not help but do(不得不)
can not but do(不得不)
cannot choose but do(只能)
have no choice but do (只能)
had better do(最好)
would rather do(寧愿)
例如:
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
不定式練習
翻譯下列句子:
走路去那里十分鐘就到了。(考查不定式做主語的句型)
下一步做什么還沒定。(考查疑問詞+不定式的用法)
我們不可能趕上第一班車。(考查不定式做主語)
學英語的學生必須有本好字典。(考查不定式做主語,同時考察不定式的邏輯主語)
他是我們班唯一說英語的人。(考查不定式作定語)
他說話太快,我們跟不上。(考查too…to…結(jié)構(gòu),不定式作狀語)
大廳足夠大,能容納一百人。(考查enough…to…結(jié)構(gòu),不定式作狀語)
起床后媽媽會提醒我洗臉。(考查不定式作賓補)
為了不讓我們失望,你必須遵守你的諾言。(考查不定式作狀語)
參考**
It takes ten minutes to walk there.
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