（三）分詞（v + ing 和v + ed） 1.分詞的語法功能

分詞在句中可作定語、狀語、補足語和表語

作定語

現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，進行，過去分詞表示被動，完成。

注意：

現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，表示正在進行的動作，或表示現(xiàn)狀。同時表示主動。

例如：

Give the note to the man sitting at that desk.

過去分詞作定語時，表示完成的動作。同時表示被動。有時過去分詞僅僅表示被動。

例如：

We've met the doctor sent to work here by the city hospital.（表被動和完成）

Some of the questions _____ in the book are easy to perform.（僅表被動）

A.being described

B.described

C.to be described

D.Having been described

**：B

不定式作定語表示即將發(fā)生的動作。

例如：

The question _____ tomorrow is whether income tax should be increased.

A.to be debated

B.to debate

C.debated

D.is debated

**：A

作狀語

分詞或分詞短語可作狀語，說明謂語表示的動作發(fā)生的時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨情況、行為方式或?qū)χ^語加以補充說明等?，F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語含有主動的意思，過去分詞作狀語含有被動的意思，或是表示狀態(tài)。

例如：

① ______ ,he had asked three persons before he got there.

A.Not knowing where was the bookstore

B.Knowing not where the bookstore was

C.Not knowing where the bookstore was

D.Not to know where the bookstore was

**：C

②______ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a "blue planet".

A.Seen

B.Seeing

C.To be seen

D.Having seen

**：A

注意：

分詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致。

例如：

Waiting for a bus, a stone hit me.

By swimming an hour everyday, Jane's weight was reduced from 120 to 110 pounds.

Made of plastic, I didn't expect the chairs would be that strong.

以上三句話應當分別改為：

While I was waiting for the bus, a stone hit me.

By swimming an hour everyday, Jane reduced her weight from 120 to 110 pounds.

As the chairs were made of plastic, I didn't expect they would be that strong.

分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)

分詞作狀語時，要特別注意其邏輯主語和主句謂語動詞的一致性。否則，分詞必須有自己的主語。這種帶主語的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。

例如：

The work done, they put away their tools and left the workshop.

（= When the work has been done, they put away their tools and left the workshop.）

His health failing, he decided to retire from office.

（= Since his health failed, he decided to retire from office.）

分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)有時還可由介詞with, without引出，通常用于補充說明或表示伴隨情況，有時也有時間、原因、條件、結(jié)果等含義，翻譯時可根據(jù)上下文譯為"隨著…"，"…之后"，"由于"等，有時也可不譯出，如：

With summer coming on, it's time to buy air conditioners.

出題形式與應對策略：

______ , they went swimming.

A.Being a hot day

B.It was a hot day

C.Due to a hot day

D.The day being hot

**：D

①首先看題干，逗號的后面是一個完整的句子，兩部分用逗號連接，現(xiàn)在我們必須清楚的是逗號并不能連接兩個并列句，不等于連詞and，因此選項B是錯誤的。但是，在考察分詞作狀語或分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的時候，四個選項中會有像選項B這樣的選項。也就是說下列結(jié)構(gòu)是錯誤的：

×It was a hot day, they went swimming.

√It was a hot day, and they went swimming.

√Since it was a hot day, they went swimming.

注：英語的語法是顯性的，句子之間的各種關(guān)系要體現(xiàn)在形式上，而漢語的語法則是隱形的，句子之間的各種關(guān)系要語義來傳達。

小練習

把下列劃線的句子改為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)：

1.As the secretary was away, Mr Green had to type his final grade.

2.Since Mother was ill, I offered to do the cooking.

3.The machine consists of three parts, each of which has its own motor.

4.When class was over, the students went to the playground to watch the ball game.

5.Because the book was written in English, we found it easy to read.

6.Because a heavy rain flooded the road, he returned three days late than expected.

7.He prayed silently and his eyes were closed.

參考**：

1.The secretary being away, …

2.Mother being ill, …

3.…, each having its own motor.

4.Class being over, …

5.The book being written in English, …

6.A heavy rain flooding the road, …

7.…, his eyes closed.

作賓語補足語

注意1：

使役動詞have, make, get的后面可以接過去分詞作賓補，keep的后面則接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補。在"have+ sth.+過去分詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語補語所表示的動作往往是由別人來完成的。

例如：

①"I can't see the blackboard very well."

"Perhaps you need ______ ."

A.to examine your eyes.

B.to have examined your eyes.

C.having your eyes examined.

D.to have your eyes examined.

**：D

②When visiting a foreign country, I sometimes found it difficult_____.

A.to make myself understood

B.to make others understand myself

C.to make myself understand

D.making others understand me

**：A

③There was so much noise outside that the speaker could hardly______.

A.make the audience hear

B.make himself be heard

C.make that the audience would hear

D.make himself heard

**：D

It's about the time we got the kitchen repainted.

I'll try not to keep you waiting.

You'd better keep the engine running all night.

注意2：

表示感覺的動詞notice, find, see, watch, hear, smell, feel等后面可以接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補，表示動作正在進行。

例如：

Did you smell something ______ .

A.having burnt

B.to have burnt

C.burning

D.to be burning

**：C

We watched the workmen sawing the trees.

作表語

注意；

現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的特征，常用于事物；過去分詞作表語表示主語的狀態(tài)，常用于人。

例如：

The game sound interesting.

I am interested in the game.

這類詞常見的有：

interesting使人感到高興　─ interested感到高興的

exciting令人激動的　─ excited感到激動的

disappointing令人失望的　─ disappointed感到失望的

encouraging令人鼓舞的　─ encouraged感到鼓舞的

pleasing令人愉快的　─ pleased感到愉快的

puzzling令人費解的 ─ puzzled感到費解的

satisfying令人滿意的　─ satisfied感到滿意的

surprising令人驚異的 ─ surprised感到驚異的

worrying令人擔心的　─ worried感到擔心的

分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式，并有主動和被動語態(tài)。過去分詞則只有一種形式，現(xiàn)以動詞study為例：

主動/被動現(xiàn)在分詞一般式：studying; being studied

完成式：having studied; having been studied

過去分詞：studied

1） 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式：having done表示分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。例如：

Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.

Not having made adequate preparations, we postponed the sports meet.

2） 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式：being done，表示某一被動動作在講話時正在發(fā)生，或與謂語的動作同時發(fā)生。例如：

Who is the patient being operated on?

正在被做手術(shù)的那位病人是誰？（作定語）

You will find the matter being talked about all over the town.

你會發(fā)現(xiàn)城里到處都在談?wù)撨@件事情。（作賓補）

非謂語動詞練習

1.There are many kinds of metals, _______.

A.each having its special properties

B.having its special properties

C.one has its special properties

D.each has its special properties

**：A

2._______ in the air, fuels give off heat.

A.To burn

B.Burned

C.To be burned

D.Being burned

**：B

3.______ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a "blue planet"

A